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الوقاية من جدري القردة وكيفية التعامل معه - مجلة الحكيم
ما هي الأعراض ؟ يعد جدري القردة من الأمراض الفيروسية النادرة التي تنتقل من الحيوانات إلى الإنسان. يُظهر المرض مجموعة من الأعراض التي تتفاوت في شدتها بين الحالات، لكنها غالبًا ما تبدأ بأعراض مشابهة لأمراض أخرى قبل أن تتطور إلى الأعراض المميزة لجدري القرود.
الأعراض المبكرة في بداية الإصابة، تظهر أعراض مشابهة لأعراض الإنفلونزا أو الحمى. تشمل هذه الأعراض:
الحمى: عادة ما تكون الحمى من أوائل الأعراض التي تظهر وتكون شديدة.الصداع: يشعر المريض بصداع شديد ومستمر.آلام العضلات: يشتكي المصاب من آلام في العضلات والمفاصل.التعب والإرهاق: يشعر المريض بإرهاق عام وقد يكون غير قادر على أداء الأنشطة اليومية.التهاب الحلق: قد يصاحب الأعراض حكة أو التهاب في الحلق.الأعراض المتقدمة بعد ظهور الأعراض المبكرة، تبدأ العلامات الجلدية المميزة بالظهور، وهي التي تعطي المرض اسمه المميز “جدري القرود”. تشمل الأعراض المتقدمة:
الطفح الجلدي: يظهر الطفح الجلدي عادة بعد يومين إلى أربعة أيام من بدء الحمى. يبدأ الطفح عادة على الوجه قبل أن ينتشر إلى أجزاء أخرى من الجسم مثل اليدين، القدمين، والأعضاء التناسلية.الحبوب المليئة بالسوائل: تبدأ الحبوب بالظهور كأورام حمراء صغيرة قبل أن تمتلئ بالسوائل.الحكة والألم: يمكن أن تكون الحبوب مؤلمة ومسببة للحكة.كيف هو شكل حبوب جدري القردة؟ حبوب جدري القردة تعتبر العلامة المميزة للمرض، حيث تمر بعدة مراحل حتى تشفى. تبدأ الحبوب كأورام حمراء صغيرة ثم تتطور لتصبح مليئة بالسوائل ومن ثم الصديد، وفي النهاية تنفجر وتتقشر.
مراحل تطور الحبوب الورم الأحمر: تبدأ الحبوب كأورام حمراء صغيرة الحجم، قد تكون مفردة أو مجمعة في مناطق معينة من الجسم.الحبوب المليئة بالسوائل: مع تطور المرض، تمتلئ الحبوب بسائل شفاف أو مائل إلى اللون الأصفر.التحول إلى بثور: تتحول الحبوب المليئة بالسوائل إلى بثور مليئة بالصديد.الانفجار والقشور: تنفجر الحبوب وتبدأ في التقشر تاركة وراءها ندبات.انتشار الحبوب تنتشر الحبوب في جميع أنحاء الجسم، لكنها تتركز بشكل أكبر على الوجه، الأذرع، والساقين. يمكن أن تكون الحبوب مؤلمة ومسببة للحكة، وقد تترك ندبات دائمة بعد الشفاء.
كيف ينتقل فيروس جدري القردة؟ يُعد فيروس جدري القرود من الأمراض التي تنتقل من الحيوانات إلى الإنسان (الأمراض الحيوانية المنشأ)، ولكنه يمكن أن ينتقل أيضًا من شخص لآخر.
طرق انتقال الفيروس من الحيوان إلى الإنسان الاتصال المباشر بالحيوانات المصابة: يحدث الانتقال عادة عند التعامل مع الحيوانات المصابة، مثل القردة أو القوارض، عبر لدغها أو لمس سوائل الجسم الخاصة بها.تناول لحوم الحيوانات البرية: يعتبر تناول لحوم الحيوانات البرية غير المطهية جيدًا أحد الوسائل التي يمكن أن تنقل الفيروس.طرق انتقال الفيروس من الإنسان إلى الإنسان الاتصال المباشر بالطفح الجلدي أو الحبوب: يمكن أن ينتقل الفيروس من شخص لآخر عن طريق لمس الطفح الجلدي أو الحبوب المصابة.التعرض لسوائل الجسم: مثل الدم أو اللعاب أو الإفرازات التنفسية لشخص مصاب.الانتقال عبر القطرات التنفسية: يمكن أن ينتقل الفيروس عبر القطرات الصغيرة الناتجة عن السعال أو العطس، خاصة في الأماكن المغلقة أو المزدحمة.الانتقال عبر الأدوات الملوثة: يمكن للفيروس أن ينتقل عبر الأدوات الملوثة مثل الملابس أو الفراش.مرض جدري القردة هل هو قاتل؟ يعتبر جدري القرود من الأمراض التي قد تكون خطيرة لكنها ليست قاتلة في جميع الحالات. تعتمد شدة المرض وخطورته على عدة عوامل منها الحالة الصحية العامة للمريض، عمره، ونوع الفيروس الذي تسبب في الإصابة.
معدلات الوفيات تشير الدراسات إلى أن معدلات الوفيات بسبب جدري القردة تتراوح بين 1% و10%، مع تفاوت هذه النسبة حسب سلالة الفيروس والمنطقة الجغرافية.
العوامل المؤثرة على شدة المرض سلالة الفيروس: هناك سلالتين رئيسيتين لفيروس جدري القردة، سلالة وسط أفريقيا التي تعتبر أكثر شدة وسلالة غرب أفريقيا التي تكون أقل حدة.الحالة الصحية العامة: الأشخاص الذين يعانون من نقص المناعة أو الأمراض المزمنة هم أكثر عرضة لتطور مضاعفات خطيرة.العمر: الأطفال وكبار السن هم أكثر عرضة للإصابة بمضاعفات خطيرة.مضاعفات المرض قد تتضمن المضاعفات الناتجة عن جدري القردة التهابات بكتيرية ثانوية، التهاب الرئة، التهاب الدماغ، وحتى الفشل الكلوي. في الحالات الشديدة، قد يكون المرض قاتلًا، خاصة في المناطق التي تعاني من ضعف في الخدمات الصحية.
الخاتمة جدري القرود هو مرض فيروسي نادر يمكن أن ينتقل من الحيوانات إلى الإنسان ومن شخص لآخر. تظهر الأعراض بشكل تدريجي، بدءًا من الأعراض الشبيهة بالإنفلونزا وصولًا إلى الطفح الجلدي المميز. على الرغم من أن المرض قد يكون خطيرًا، إلا أنه ليس قاتلًا في جميع الحالات، وتعتمد شدة المرض على عدة عوامل منها سلالة الفيروس والحالة الصحية للمصاب. الوقاية من الإصابة تتطلب اتخاذ الاحتياطات اللازمة عند التعامل مع الحيوانات البرية أو الأشخاص المصابين، مع الالتزام بقواعد النظافة الشخصية وتجنب تناول اللحوم غير المطهية جيدًا.
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